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. Union nationalism as envisioned by Lincoln "helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.":222, The Potomac River System, Arts This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. .

. A tall red brick building in the center of a city skyline punctuated by steeples and other shorter buildings, Washington became an international symbol for liberation and nationalism as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire the Federalists made him the symbol of their party but the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence for many years and delayed building the Washington Monument. Washington was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on January 31 1781 before he had even begun his presidency. He was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States during the United States Bicentennial to ensure that he would never be outranked; this was accomplished by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed on January 19 1976 with an effective appointment date of July 4 1976.[u]. The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by Texas state to the federal government; to organize two new territories formally the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would become slave or free territories to add another free state to the Union (California) to adopt a severe measure to recover slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory (the Fugitive Slave Law); and to abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia a key provision of each of the laws respectively organizing the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah was that slavery would be decided by local option called popular sovereignty That was an important repudiation of the idea behind the failure to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico However the admission of California as a free state meant that southerners were giving up their goal of a coast-to-coast belt of slave states. Because of the power relationships at work slave women in the United States were at high risk for rape and sexual abuse. Many slaves fought back against sexual attacks and some died resisting Others carried psychological and physical scars from the attacks. Sexual abuse of slaves was partially rooted in a patriarchal Southern culture which treated black women as property or chattel. Southern culture strongly policed against sexual relations between white women and black men on the purported grounds of racial purity but by the late 18th century the many mixed-race slaves and slave children showed that white men had often taken advantage of slave women. Wealthy planter widowers notably such as John Wayles and his son-in-law Thomas Jefferson took slave women as concubines; each had six children with his partner: Elizabeth Hemings and her daughter Sally Hemings (the half-sister of Jefferson's late wife) respectively Both Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble wives of planters wrote about this issue in the antebellum South in the decades before the Civil War Sometimes planters used mixed-race slaves as house servants or favored artisans because they were their children or other relatives. As a result of centuries of slavery and such relationships DNA studies have shown that the vast majority of African Americans also have historic European ancestry generally through paternal lines! Main articles: Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Liberalism in the United States and Republicanism in the United States!