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. . Anti-slavery elements fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S in 1847 the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery the Senate avoided the issue and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated.[by whom?]. . . . Brandywine Germantown and Saratoga Main article: Congressional Budget Office The French detachment proved to be only about 50 men so Washington advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them.[f] What took place was disputed but French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville who carried a diplomatic message for the British to evacuate was mortally wounded in the battle French forces found Jumonville and some of his men dead and scalped and assumed that Washington was responsible. Washington placed blame on his translator for not communicating the French intentions. Dinwiddie congratulated Washington for his victory over the French. This incident ignited the French and Indian War which later became part of the larger Seven Years' War.

Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension Indeed the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open to their inspection It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that "I have no purpose directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists I believe I have no lawful right to do so and I have no inclination to do so.", 11.1.2 Places and monuments Article One Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress "exclusive jurisdiction" over the city the District did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act the Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor currently Muriel Bowser and the thirteen-member Council of the District of Columbia However Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs. Freemasonry was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century known for advocating moral teachings. Washington was attracted to the Masons' dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality reason and brotherhood the American Masonic lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective of the controversial European lodges a Masonic lodge was established in Fredericksburg in September 1752 and Washington was initiated two months later at the age of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices Within a year he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason. Before and during the American Revolution he used Masonic lodges as meeting places to plot against the British.[citation needed] He had a high regard for the Masonic Order but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic in 1777 a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army After 1782 he corresponded frequently with Masonic lodges and members and he was listed as Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No 22 in 1788, The radical provisions of Pennsylvania's constitution lasted only 14 years in 1790 conservatives gained power in the state legislature called a new constitutional convention and rewrote the constitution the new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America, In 1772 it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts which had been paid by local authorities This would reduce the influence of colonial representatives over their government Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government Virginia the largest colony set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served. In July 1861 the US issued paper currency for the first time the currency became known greenbacks because it was printed in green on the reverse side. . .