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. . Main articles: Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts, Richard Henry Lee who introduced the Lee Resolution in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain, King George III! ! 6.9 Santa Anna's last campaign, In the mid-20th century historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative opposite to the characteristics of the Patriots. Loyalists tended to feel that resistance to the Crown was morally wrong while the Patriots thought that morality was on their side. Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence such as burning houses and tarring and feathering Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown Many Loyalists had maintained strong and long-standing relations with Britain especially merchants in port cities such as New York and Boston. Many Loyalists felt that independence was bound to come eventually but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy tyranny or mob rule in contrast the prevailing attitude among Patriots was a desire to seize the initiative. Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots, Black slaveholders Spouses and children In Massachusetts slavery was successfully challenged in court in 1783 in a freedom suit by Quock Walker; he said that slavery was in contradiction to the state's new constitution of 1780 providing for equality of men Freed slaves were subject to racial segregation and discrimination in the North and it took decades for some states to extend the franchise to them.

2006 89.7% 98,740 6.1% 6,744, The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994. . Roots of the conflict in North Mexico 3 Role in Government Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger the Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government suggested political scientist Bruce J Schulman. Partisanship returned particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education. Congress began reasserting its authority. Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". From 1974 to 1984 PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million along with concern over PAC influence in Congress in 2009 there were 4,600 business labor and special-interest PACs including ones for lawyers electricians and real estate brokers. From 2007 to 2008 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. . .