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The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994, During the mid-1780s numerous locations were offered by the states to serve as the nation's capital but the Continental Congress could never agree on a site due to regional loyalties and tensions. Proposed sites included: Kingston New York; Nottingham Township in New Jersey; Annapolis; Williamsburg Virginia; Wilmington Delaware; Reading Pennsylvania; Germantown Pennsylvania; Lancaster Pennsylvania; New York City; Philadelphia; and Princeton; among others the Southern states refused to accept a capital in the North and vice versa Another suggestion was for there to be two capitals one in the North and one in the South, Main article: District of Columbia retrocession Main article: Republicanism in the United States! Course Washington D.C Infrastructure On June 26 2008 the Supreme Court of the United States held in District of Columbia v Heller that the city's 1976 handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment. However the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control; laws requiring firearm registration remain in place as does the city's assault weapon ban!

The delay of hostilities for ten years allowed the free economy of the northern states to continue to industrialize the southern states largely based on slave labor and cash crop production lacked the ability to industrialize heavily by 1860 the northern states had added many more miles of railroad steel production modern factories and population to the advantages already possessed in 1850 the North was better able to supply equip and man its armed forces which would prove decisive in the later stages of the war, Elsewhere in the Americas 1.1% 6 See also, 4 Demographics Disputed territory. Washington and Lafayette A 1774 etching from the London Magazine copied by Paul Revere of Boston Prime Minister Lord North author of the Boston Port Act forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield while the 4th Earl of Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her skirt Behind them Mother Britannia weeps helplessly while France and Spain look on, Some tribes held people as captive slaves late in the 19th century for instance "Ute Woman" was a Ute captured by the Arapaho and later sold to a Cheyenne She was kept by the Cheyenne to be used as a prostitute to serve American soldiers at Cantonment in the Indian Territory She lived in slavery until about 1880 She died of a hemorrhage resulting from "excessive sexual intercourse". Daniel of St Thomas Jenifer Maryland 1 Yes, 4.2 Fugitive Slave Law, The United States Capitol after the burning of Washington D.C in the War of 1812 Watercolor and ink depiction from 1814 restored. New Mexico campaign, 10.2 American Indians However the national government had no money either to pay the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war Nationalists led by Washington Alexander Hamilton and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war or even internal revolts such as the Shays' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts They convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 and named their party the Federalist party the Convention adopted a new Constitution which provided for a much stronger federal government including an effective executive in a check-and-balance system with the judiciary and legislature the Constitution was ratified in 1788 after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government the new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789. James Madison spearheaded Congressional amendments to the Constitution as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution and Rhode Island was the final state to ratify the Constitution in 1791, In 1755 Washington served voluntarily as an aide to General Edward Braddock who led a British expedition to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. On Washington's recommendation Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped "flying column". Suffering from a severe case of dysentery Washington was left behind and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies ambushed the divided army the British suffered two-thirds casualties including the mortally wounded Braddock Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage Washington still very ill rallied the survivors and formed a rear guard which allowed the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat. During the engagement he had two horses shot from under him and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced. His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the succeeding commander Colonel Thomas Dunbar in planning subsequent operations. . In February 1768 the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance the governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter Meanwhile a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty owned by John Hancock for alleged smuggling Customs officials were forced to flee prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston a Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention a convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself in January 1769 Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England the governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason and the threat caused widespread outrage though it was not carried out. . .