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Native Americans as slaves 16.2 State and local studies. Opposition to the war The U.S settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest were openly contemptuous of Mexican law (a civil law system based on the law of Spain) as alien and inferior and disposed of it by enacting reception statutes at the first available opportunity However they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems for example most of the southwestern states adopted community property marital property systems as well as water law. . The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency known as a "district" Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results provided that each state has at least one congressional representative Each state regardless of population or size has two senators Currently there are 100 senators representing the 50 states Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term with terms staggered so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election, The Founding Fathers of the United States or simply the Founding Fathers were a group of American leaders who united the Thirteen Colonies led the war for independence from Great Britain and built a frame of government for the new United States of America upon republican principles during the latter decades of the 18th century Most Founding Fathers at one point considered themselves British subjects; but they came to understand themselves more as patriotic Americans who possessed a spirit distinct from that of their motherland the group was composed of businessmen philosophers politicians plantation owners and writers from a variety of social economic and ethnic backgrounds the Founding Fathers came from a variety of occupations and many (such as John Adams a lawyer and Benjamin Rush a doctor) had no prior political leadership experience, On the U.S side the war was fought by regiments of regulars and various regiments battalions and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union as well as Americans and some Mexicans in the California and New Mexico territories On the West Coast the US Navy fielded a battalion of sailors in an attempt to recapture Los Angeles. Although the US Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's At the beginning of the war the US Army had eight regiments of infantry (three battalions each) four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments (two dragoons one of mounted rifles) These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments (nine of infantry and one of cavalry) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11 1847. . Seven men wearing suits posing for a group picture; Further information: the Papers of George Washington List of memorials to George Washington and U.S presidents on U.S postage stamps, The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget which must be approved by Congress the Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city's high percentage of tax-exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system; however analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance; Support services Rather than reinforce Taylor's army for a continued advance President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott which was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea to begin an invasion of the Mexican heartland On March 9 1847 Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S history in preparation for the Siege of Veracruz a group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies weapons and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts Included in the invading force were Robert E Lee George Meade Ulysses S Grant James Longstreet and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.

At the beginning of the war some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters by 1862 when it became clear that this would be a long war the question of what to do about slavery became more general the Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor it began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production as Congressman George W Julian of Indiana put it in an 1862 speech in Congress the slaves "cannot be neutral as laborers if not as soldiers they will be allies of the rebels or of the Union." Julian and his fellow Radical Republicans put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual compensated emancipation and colonization. Copperheads the border states and War Democrats opposed emancipation although the border states and War Democrats eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union, Media Voting within Congress can take many forms including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result the Constitution however requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial a recorded vote usually happens the Senate uses roll-call voting in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced in the Senate the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the Senators are equally divided. In spite of the South's shortage of manpower until 1865 most Southern leaders opposed arming slaves as soldiers However a few Confederates discussed arming slaves Finally in early 1865 General Robert E Lee said black soldiers were essential and legislation was passed the first black units were in training when the war ended in April. Although the President and military officers returned to Washington only a few days after the British left Congress did not return for three and half weeks the Thirteenth Congress officially convened on September 19 1814 at the Blodgett's Hotel one of the few surviving buildings large enough to hold all members the Blodgett's Hotel also housed the U S Patent Office Although the British had destroyed all public buildings the Blodgett's Hotel and U.S Patent Office was spared it was in this building that Congress met between September 1814 and December 1815 (when construction of the Old Brick Capitol was complete); Enslaved African Americans had not waited for Lincoln before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines From early years of the war hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines especially in Union-controlled areas such as Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 Virginia Tennessee from 1862 on the line of Sherman's march etc So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them where both adults and children learned to read and write the American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations, As specified by Article One of the United States Constitution in fact as one of the enumerated powers of section 8 Congress assumed direct administrative control of the federal district upon its creation by the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 There was no district governor or executive body the U.S House created a permanent Committee on the District of Columbia in January of 1808 and the U.S Senate established its counterpart in December 1816 These committees remained active until 1946. Thus the U.S Congress managed the detailed day-to-day governmental needs of the district through Acts of Congress -- an act authorizing the purchase of fire engines and construction of a firehouse for instance, or an act to commission three new city streets and closing two others in Georgetown.