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. Main articles: Education during the Slave Period and Education of freed people during the Civil War, General Grant Andrew Johnson 1865 Main article: 1864 United States presidential election. . Further information: History of Washington D.C.; Timeline of Washington D.C.; and District of Columbia (until 1871), In 1861 Lincoln expressed the fear that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states He believed that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." at first Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C Fremont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina Georgia and Florida) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats, Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office. Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations the House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen Standing committees meet at least once each month. Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes publicly to close the meeting a committee might call for public hearings on important bills. Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. Then a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. Committees may also amend the bill but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments After debate the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house If a bill is tabled then it is rejected If amendments are extensive sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used Generally members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. Congress and the public 3.3.2 "A positive good". . In December 2017 25% of the employees in Washington D.C were employed by a federal governmental agency. This is thought to immunize Washington D.C. to national economic downturns because the federal government continues operations even during recessions. Many organizations such as law firms defense contractors civilian contractors nonprofit organizations lobbying firms trade unions industry trade groups and professional associations have their headquarters in or near Washington D.C. in order to be close to the federal government.

. . An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science engineering and economics. As a result Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch.