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Washington played a key role in the adoption and ratification of the Constitution and was then elected president by the Electoral College in the first two elections He implemented a strong well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton During the French Revolution he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty He set enduring precedents for the office of president including the title "President of the United States" and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism. Flag of Washington D.C, The L'Enfant Plan for Washington D.C. as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792, .. in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie in order that if the war with the United States continues you may should you judge it advisable assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages. Bolivia: Sucre is the constitutional capital and the supreme tribunal of justice is located in Sucre making it the judicial capital the palacio quemado the national congress and national electoral court are located in La Paz making it the seat of government, Further hostilities 4 Outbreak of the war, 5.2.1 Historians who focus on the Founding Fathers. 9.4 Patriots Enslaved African Americans had not waited for Lincoln before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines From early years of the war hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines especially in Union-controlled areas such as Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 Virginia Tennessee from 1862 on the line of Sherman's march etc So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them where both adults and children learned to read and write the American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations; . Map showing the five geological provinces through which the Potomac River flows, 2.2.4 Self-taught or little formal education Elbridge Gerry was a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress; . Politics portal The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994, The Haida and Tlingit Indians who lived along southeast Alaska's coast were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders raiding as far as California Slavery was hereditary after slaves were taken as prisoners of war Among some Pacific Northwest tribes about a quarter of the population were slaves. Other slave-owning tribes of North America were for example Comanche of Texas Creek of Georgia the fishing societies such as the Yurok that lived along the coast from what is now Alaska to California; the Pawnee and Klamath, In 1779 the Americans forced the hostile Indians out of upstate New York when Washington sent an army under John Sullivan which destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York the Battle of Newtown proved decisive as the Patriots had an advantage of three-to-one and it ended significant resistance; there was little combat otherwise Sullivan systematically burned the empty villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply Facing starvation and homeless for the winter the Iroquois fled to Canada the British resettled them in Ontario providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses.

! Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office. Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations the House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen Standing committees meet at least once each month. Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes publicly to close the meeting a committee might call for public hearings on important bills. Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. Then a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. Committees may also amend the bill but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments After debate the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house If a bill is tabled then it is rejected If amendments are extensive sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used Generally members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power, In Santa Fe Governor Manuel Armijo wanted to avoid battle but on August 9 Catholic priests Diego Archuleta (the young regular-army commander) and the young militia officers Manuel Chaves and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense. Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon a narrow pass about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the city. However on August 14 before the American army was even in view he decided not to fight (An American named James Magoffin claimed he had convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course; an unverified story says he bribed Armijo.) When Pino Chaves and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them the New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe and Armijo fled to Chihuahua. Map of the U.S showing Lincoln winning all the Union states except for Kentucky New Jersey and Delaware the Southern states are not included Richard Henry Lee who introduced the Lee Resolution in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain. . Washington was concerned with Howe's movements during the Saratoga campaign to the north and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south toward Saratoga from Quebec Washington took some risks to support Gates' army sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold his most aggressive field commander and Benjamin Lincoln On October 7 1777 Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was isolated from support by Howe He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga as Washington suspected Gates's victory emboldened his critics. Biographer John Alden maintains "It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared." the admiration for Washington was waning including little credit from John Adams. British commander Howe resigned in May 1778 left America forever and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton; ! . .