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. Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777 They suffered between 2,000 and 3,000 deaths in extreme cold over six months mostly from disease and lack of food clothing and shelter. Meanwhile the British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia paying for supplies in pounds sterling while Washington struggled with a devalued American paper currency the woodlands were soon exhausted of game and by February morale and increased desertions ensued.

Yale College: Oliver Wolcott British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston carrying through on their promise. They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia Upper Canada and Lower Canada Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone as well as other African countries. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: Vienna 2.1 Nueces Strip Overview map of the war Key: Historians in the 20th century identified 250 to 311 slave uprisings in U.S and colonial history. Those after 1776 include:. . Main article: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln, Background Although most slaves had lives that were very restricted in terms of their movements and agency exceptions existed to virtually every generalization; for instance there were also slaves who had considerable freedom in their daily lives: slaves allowed to rent out their labor and who might live independently of their master in cities slaves who employed white workers and slave doctors who treated upper-class white patients. After 1820 in response to the inability to import new slaves from Africa and in part to abolitionist criticism some slaveholders improved the living conditions of their slaves to encourage them to be productive and to try to prevent escapes it was part of a paternalistic approach in the antebellum era that was encouraged by ministers trying to use Christianity to improve the treatment of slaves Slaveholders published articles in southern agricultural journals to share best practices in treatment and management of slaves; they intended to show that their system was better than the living conditions of northern industrial workers, Mexico in 1824: Alta California was the northwesternmost federal territory; George Washington served as president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention Further information: Indian slave trade History of enslavement of indigenous peoples in California and Slavery in New France! In his 1985 statewide study of black slaveholders in South Carolina Larry Koger challenged the benevolent view He found that the majority of black slaveholders appeared to hold at least some of their slaves for commercial reasons for instance he noted that in 1850 more than 80 percent of black slaveholders were of mixed race but nearly 90 percent of their slaves were classified as black. Koger also noted that many South Carolina free blacks operated small businesses as skilled artisans and many owned slaves working in those businesses. French and Indian War Scholar and representative Lee H Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" and a "remarkably resilient institution". Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy" according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination". One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress:.