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. After initial publication many Republicans including Madison criticized the Address and believed it was an anti-French campaign document Madison believed Washington was strongly pro-British Madison also was suspicious of who authored the Address, The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration. .

. A political cartoon of Vice President Andrew Johnson (a former tailor) and Lincoln 1865 entitled the 'Rail Splitter' at Work Repairing the Union the caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended.", Religious and philosophical beliefs File:The United States Legislative Process - Committee Consideration (3) - Library of Congress.webm, At the beginning of the war Washington's only defense was one old fort (Fort Washington 12 miles (19 km) away to the south) and the Union Army soldiers themselves. When Maj Gen George B McClellan assumed command of the Department of the Potomac on August 17 1861 he became responsible for the capital's defense. McClellan began by laying out lines for a complete ring of entrenchments and fortifications that would cover 33 miles (53 km) of land He built enclosed forts on high hills around the city and placed well-protected batteries of field artillery in the gaps between these forts, augmenting the 88 guns already placed on the defensive line facing Virginia and south in between these batteries interconnected rifle pits were dug allowing highly effective co-operative fire. This layout once complete would make the city one of the most heavily defended locations in the world and almost unassailable by nearly any number of men. Freemasonry was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century known for advocating moral teachings. Washington was attracted to the Masons' dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality reason and brotherhood the American Masonic lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective of the controversial European lodges a Masonic lodge was established in Fredericksburg in September 1752 and Washington was initiated two months later at the age of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices Within a year he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason. Before and during the American Revolution he used Masonic lodges as meeting places to plot against the British.[citation needed] He had a high regard for the Masonic Order but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic in 1777 a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army After 1782 he corresponded frequently with Masonic lodges and members and he was listed as Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No 22 in 1788, Shortly after the Elizabeth Key trial and similar challenges in 1662 the Virginia royal colony approved a law adopting the principle of partus sequitur ventrem (called partus for short) stating that any children born in the colony would take the status of the mother a child of an enslaved mother would be born into slavery regardless if the father were a freeborn Englishman or Christian This was a reversal of common law practice in England which ruled that children of English subjects took the status of the father the change institutionalized the skewed power relationships between slave owners and slave women freed white men from the legal responsibility to acknowledge or financially support their mixed-race children and somewhat confined the open scandal of mixed-race children and miscegenation to within the slave quarters, Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were:. 1850s Importation of slaves Dred Scott and his wife Harriet Scott each sued for freedom in St Louis after the death of their master based on their having been held in a free territory (the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase from which slavery was excluded under the terms of the Missouri Compromise) (Later the two cases were combined under Dred Scott's name.) Scott filed suit for freedom in 1846 and went through two state trials the first denying and the second granting freedom to the couple (and by extension their two daughters who had also been held illegally in free territories) for 28 years Missouri state precedent had generally respected laws of neighboring free states and territories ruling for freedom in such transit cases where slaves had been held illegally in free territory But in the Dred Scott case the State Supreme Court ruled against the slaves saying that "times were not what they once were".[citation needed], New Mexico Campaign Almost all of them were leaders in their communities Many were also prominent in national affairs Virtually every one took part in the American Revolution; at the Constitutional Convention at least 29 had served in the Continental Army most of them in positions of command Scholars have examined the collective biography of them as well as the signers of the Declaration and the Constitution.