Main article: Patriot (American Revolution), Loyalists Regarding the beginning of the war Ulysses S Grant who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor's Army claims in his Personal Memoirs (1885) that the main goal of the U.S Army's advance from Nueces River to Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first to debilitate any political opposition to the war, The American colonials proclaimed "no taxation without representation" starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they had no representatives in that governing body Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 the British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony's rights of self-government the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts and a group of American Patriot leaders set up their own government in late 1774 at the Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance of Britain; other colonists retained their allegiance to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories. Painting by John Trumbull depicting General Washington standing in Maryland State House hall surrounded by statesmen and others resigning his commission. .
Valley Forge Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had some experience in colonial and state government and the majority had held county and local offices. Those who lacked national congressional experience were Bassett Blair Brearly Broom Davie Dayton Alexander Martin Luther Martin Mason McClurg Paterson Charles Pinckney Strong and Yates. By late September Patriot-French forces completely surrounded Yorktown trapped the British army and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North while the French Navy was victorious at the Battle of the Chesapeake the final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington the siege ended with a British surrender on October 19 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers were captured in the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. Washington negotiated the terms of surrender for two days and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis in fact claimed illness and was absent sending General Charles O'Hara as his proxy. As a gesture of goodwill Washington held a dinner for the American French and British generals all of whom fraternized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste. . . Smaller states and bigger states Voting within Congress can take many forms including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result the Constitution however requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial a recorded vote usually happens the Senate uses roll-call voting in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced in the Senate the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the Senators are equally divided! .
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