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. William Wells Brown who escaped to freedom reported that on one plantation slave men were required to pick 80 pounds per day of cotton while women were required to pick 70 pounds; if any slave failed in his or her quota they were subject to whip lashes for each pound they were short the whipping post stood next to the cotton scales a New York man who attended a slave auction in the mid-19th century reported that at least three-quarters of the male slaves he saw at sale had scars on their backs from whipping by contrast small slave-owning families had closer relationships between the owners and slaves; this sometimes resulted in a more humane environment but was not a given, Unlike Sumner and other Radicals Lincoln did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping political and social revolution beyond emancipation He had long made clear his opposition to the confiscation and redistribution of land He believed as most Republicans did in April 1865 that the voting requirements should be determined by the states He assumed that political control in the South would pass to white Unionists reluctant secessionists and forward-looking former Confederates But time and again during the war Lincoln after initial opposition had come to embrace positions first advanced by abolitionists and Radical Republicans . Lincoln undoubtedly would have listened carefully to the outcry for further protection for the former slaves . It is entirely plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing on a Reconstruction policy that encompassed federal protection for basic civil rights plus limited black suffrage along the lines Lincoln proposed just before his death. 13 Historiography Historians such as Bernard Bailyn Gordon Wood and Edmund Morgan view the American Revolution as a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs such as an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights and a system of laws chosen by the people. John Murrin by contrast argues that the definition of "the people" at that time was mostly restricted to free men who were able to pass a property-qualification. This view argues that any significant gain of the revolution was irrelevant in the short term to women black Americans and slaves poor white men youth and American Indians. ; . Washington D.C. Business Directory, USA The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats and historic New Deal policies Roosevelt's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather than being initiated by Congress the Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. During this time Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed the Conservative Coalition. Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II. Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise such as space flight and atomic energy policy. Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings in 1960 Democratic candidate John F Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both houses of Congress until 1994, The continuation of state-established religion Class and psychology of the factions. North Branch Potomac River Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 1862 and said that a final proclamation would be issued if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected Only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan and Lincoln issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 1863 in his letter to Hodges Lincoln explained his belief that, Owens Company District of Columbia cavalry {3 months unit-1861} Any letters addressed to the subscribers through the Post Office at Alexandria will be promptly attended to for information enquire at the above described house as we can at all times be found there.

Distribution of slaves The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the Civil War, 13.2 Organizations Mary Todd Lincoln wife of Abraham Lincoln age 28 Dred Scott v Sandford. ! Maj Gen 3.1.4 Territorial government, The international slave trade was banned in all states except South Carolina by 1800 Finally in 1807 President Jefferson called for and signed into law a Federally-enforced ban on the international slave trade throughout the U.S and its territories it became a federal crime to import or export a slave. However the domestic slave trade was allowed for expansion or for diffusion of slavery into the Louisiana Territory, 6.1 Freedom suits and Dred Scott! US President John Tyler's administration suggested a tripartite pact that would settle the Oregon boundary dispute and provide for the cession of the port of San Francisco from Mexico Lord Aberdeen declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S territorial acquisition there the British minister in Mexico Richard Pakenham wrote in 1841 to Lord Palmerston urging "to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California" saying that "no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony .. by all means desirable . that California once ceasing to belong to Mexico should not fall into the hands of any power but England . daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction." But by the time the letter reached London Sir Robert Peel's Tory government with its Little England policy had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict, After an absence lasting many decades the American Shad has recently returned to the Potomac, On March 1 1847 Alexander W Doniphan occupied Chihuahua City British consul John Potts did not want to let Doniphan search Governor Trias's mansion and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business Major William Gilpin advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers but Doniphan subverted this plan Then in late April Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo the American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe Along the way the townspeople of Parras enlisted Doniphan's aid against an Indian raiding party that had taken children horses mules and money.