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News media often use the name of a capital city as an alternative name for the country of which it is the capital or of the government that is seated there as a form of metonymy for example "relations between Washington and London" refer to "relations between the United States and the United Kingdom". Colonel George Washington by Charles Willson Peale 1772 On the U.S side the war was fought by regiments of regulars and various regiments battalions and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union as well as Americans and some Mexicans in the California and New Mexico territories On the West Coast the US Navy fielded a battalion of sailors in an attempt to recapture Los Angeles. Although the US Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's At the beginning of the war the US Army had eight regiments of infantry (three battalions each) four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments (two dragoons one of mounted rifles) These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments (nine of infantry and one of cavalry) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11 1847. . Black and white photo of Mary Todd Lincoln's shoulders and head. . . Surrender at Yorktown (1781), Thomas Nelson Jr. Virginia 1 Yes Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico in that the US pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged northern Mexico and pay restitutions to the victims of raids it could not prevent. However the Indian raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty although a cholera epidemic reduced the numbers of the Comanche in 1849. Robert Letcher U.S Minister to Mexico in 1850 was certain "that miserable 11th article" would lead to the financial ruin of the US if it could not be released from its obligations the US was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853.

Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in April 8 1913 with positive effects (senators more sensitive to public opinion) and negative effects (undermining the authority of state governments). Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment ended the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science engineering and economics. As a result Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch, At the start of each two-year session the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader in the Senate the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate in addition the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control Accordingly the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress in both the House and Senate the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber, Foundation 1 History The British intended to burn the building to the ground They set fire to the southern wing first the flames grew so quickly that the British were prevented from collecting enough wood to burn the stone walls completely However the Library of Congress's contents in the northern wing contributed to the flames on that side. Among the items destroyed was the 3,000-volume collection of the Library of Congress and the intricate decorations of the neoclassical columns pediments and sculptures Later though former president Thomas Jefferson donated his personal book collection to start a new Library of Congress, originally designed by William Thornton in 1793 and Benjamin Latrobe in 1803 the wooden ceilings and floors burned and the glass skylights melted because of the intense heat. But the building was not a complete loss the House rotunda the east lobby the staircases and Latrobe's famous Corn-Cob Columns in the Senate entrance hall all survived the Superintendent of the Public Buildings of the City of Washington Thomas Munroe concluded that the loss to the Capitol amounted to $787,163.28 with $457,388.36 for the North wing and main building and $329,774.92 for the South wing. Kingdom of France: the traditional capital was Paris though from 1682-1789 the seat of government was at the Palace of Versailles located in a rural area southwest of Paris! Background Origins In 1777 the British sent Burgoyne's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England Their aim was to isolate New England which the British perceived as the primary source of agitation Rather than move north to support Burgoyne the British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis-coordination capturing it from Washington the invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state it surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 From early October 1777 until November 15 a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin Philadelphia Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge, Washington received his initial military training and command with the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress where he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army He commanded American forces allied with France in the defeat and surrender of the British during the Siege of Yorktown and resigned his commission in 1783 after the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Santa Anna's last campaign Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes Duties Imposts and Excises to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States" There is vast authority over budgets although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm". Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. 1980 638,333 -15.6% The District was governed directly by the U.S Congress from the beginning Alexandria City and County were ceded back from the federal government to the commonwealth of Virginia in 1846 in a process known as retrocession anticipating the 1850 ban on slave trading (but not slavery) in the District, West-central Africa (Kongo N Mbundu S Mbundu) 26.1 Mr Armfield remained in Alexandria doing the purchasing with agents in Richmond and Warrenton Virginia and Baltimore Frederick and Easton Maryland (on Maryland's Eastern Shore near Delaware) Mr Franklin handled the selling out of New Orleans and Natchez Mississippi with offices in St Francisville and Vidalia Louisiana Their partnership grew to the point that when the partnership was dissolved in 1836 and the business sold they owned six ships for the sole purpose of transporting slaves with monthly and then biweekly sailings (The ships carried agricultural products on the return trips.) One of them the Isaac Franklin was built for them. On July 18 Cochrane ordered Cockburn to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages . You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable". Cochrane instructed "You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States" Ross and Cockburn surveyed the torching of the President's Mansion during which time a great storm arose unexpectedly out of the southeast They were confronted a number of times while on horseback by older women from around Washington City and elderly clergymen (Southern Presbyterian and Southern Baptist) with women and children who had been hiding in homes and churches They requested protection from abuse and robbery by enlisted personnel from the British Expeditionary Forces whom they accused of having tried to ransack private homes and other buildings Major-General Ross had two British soldiers put in chains for violation of his general order Throughout the events of that day a severe storm blew into the city worsening on the night of August 24 1814.